LEWIN’S CONTRIBUTION TO STUDY GROUP: A LEARNING CHALLENGE DURING COVID-19

Mudanças significativas estão ocorrendo mundialmente em contextos socioeconômicos devido à pandemia iniciada em 2019. Nunca na história da educação brasileira houve tantos momentos impactantes. O fechamento das escolas foi imposto devido ao contágio do coronavirus. Professores, gestores, alunos e seus respectivos familiares ficaram perplexos com a duração da quarentena. Quando se trata de ensino médio público na região sudeste, as diretrizes pedagógicas apoiadas pela tecnologia remota foram decisivas para o resgate do processo ensino-aprendizagem neste contexto atípico. Por isso, o sistema híbrido na educação básica foi adotado em larga escala. Diante disso, foram propostos esforços que explicassem o comportamento de jovens do ensino médio público durante a implementação da atividade grupo de estudo, sob as lentes da teoria de campo de Lewin, utilizando a abordagem descritiva qualitativa. Como as variáveis no espaço vital mudaram radicalmente devido à circunstância da pandemia, as valências negativas interferiram na resposta comportamental dos respondentes. Os sentimentos de sobrecarga juntamente com o de estudar sozinho interferiram na vontade do grupo para estudar. Simultaneamente, à medida que as valências se tornaram positivas com a implementação de uma estratégia pedagógica ativa, os respondentes apontaram que a atividade do grupo de estudo atuou como um reforço da aprendizagem, como motivador por meio do contato com os colegas e auxiliou com dúvidas e na compreensão dos conteúdos. Até hoje, o trabalho pioneiro de Lewin demonstra a influência de vários fatores interferindo no processo de aprendizagem em diferentes contextos.Se están produciendo cambios significativos en los contextos socioeconómicos de todo el mundo debido a la pandemia de covid-19 que comenzó en 2019. Nunca en la historia de la educación brasileña ha habido tantos momentos impactantes. Se impusieron cierres de escuelas debido a la propagación del coronavirus. Maestros, personal, estudiantes y sus respectivas familias quedaron perplejos por la duración de la cuarentena. Cuando se trata de la educación secundaria pública en la región sureste, los lineamientos pedagógicos apoyados en la tecnología remota fueron decisivos para el rescate del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje en este contexto inusual. Por lo tanto, el sistema híbrido en la educación básica se adoptó a gran escala. Frente a ello, se propusieron esfuerzos para explicar el comportamiento de los jóvenes de la escuela secundaria pública durante la implementación de la actividad del grupo de estudio, bajo la lente de la teoría de campo de Lewin, utilizando el enfoque descriptivo cualitativo. Como las variables en el espacio vital cambiaron radicalmente debido a la circunstancia de la pandemia, las valencias negativas interfirieron con la respuesta conductual del grupo. Los sentimientos de sobrecarga junto con los de estudiar solos interfirieron con la voluntad del grupo de estudiar. Al mismo tiempo, a medida que las valencias se volvieron positivas con la implementación de una estrategia pedagógica activa, los encuestados señalaron que la actividad del grupo de estudio actuó como un refuerzo del aprendizaje, como un motivador a través del contacto con los colegas, y ayudó con las dudas.Significant changes are taking place in socioeconomic contexts around the world due to the covid-19 pandemic that started in 2019. Never in the history of Brazilian education there have been so many impactful moments. Schools closures were imposed due to the spread of the coronavirus. Teachers, staff, students and their respective families were perplexed by the duration of the quarantine. When it comes to public secondary education in the southeast region, pedagogical guidelines supported by remote technology were decisive for the rescue of teaching-learning process in this unusual context. Therefore, the hybrid system in basic education was adopted on a large scale. In face of it, efforts were proposed to explain the behavior of public high school youth during the implementation of study group activity, under the lens of Lewin's field theory, using the qualitative descriptive approach. As the variables in the vital space radically changed due to the pandemic circumstance, the negative valences did interfere with the group’s behavioral response. The feelings of overload along with that of studying alone interfered with the group's willingness to study. Concurrently, as the valences became positive with the implementation of an active pedagogical strategy, the respondents pointed out that the study group activity acted as a reinforcement of learning, as a motivator through contact with colleagues, and helped with doubts, improving comprehension of the contents. To this day, the pioneering work of Lewin demonstrates the influence of several factors interfering in the learning process in different settings

LEWIN’S CONTRIBUTION TO STUDY GROUP: A LEARNING CHALLENGE DURING COVID-19

Mudanças significativas estão ocorrendo mundialmente em contextos socioeconômicos devido à pandemia iniciada em 2019. Nunca na história da educação brasileira houve tantos momentos impactantes. O fechamento das escolas foi imposto devido ao contágio do coronavirus. Professores, gestores, alunos e seus respectivos familiares ficaram perplexos com a duração da quarentena. Quando se trata de ensino médio público na região sudeste, as diretrizes pedagógicas apoiadas pela tecnologia remota foram decisivas para o resgate do processo ensino-aprendizagem neste contexto atípico. Por isso, o sistema híbrido na educação básica foi adotado em larga escala. Diante disso, foram propostos esforços que explicassem o comportamento de jovens do ensino médio público durante a implementação da atividade grupo de estudo, sob as lentes da teoria de campo de Lewin, utilizando a abordagem descritiva qualitativa. Como as variáveis no espaço vital mudaram radicalmente devido à circunstância da pandemia, as valências negativas interferiram na resposta comportamental dos respondentes. Os sentimentos de sobrecarga juntamente com o de estudar sozinho interferiram na vontade do grupo para estudar. Simultaneamente, à medida que as valências se tornaram positivas com a implementação de uma estratégia pedagógica ativa, os respondentes apontaram que a atividade do grupo de estudo atuou como um reforço da aprendizagem, como motivador por meio do contato com os colegas e auxiliou com dúvidas e na compreensão dos conteúdos. Até hoje, o trabalho pioneiro de Lewin demonstra a influência de vários fatores interferindo no processo de aprendizagem em diferentes contextos.Se están produciendo cambios significativos en los contextos socioeconómicos de todo el mundo debido a la pandemia de covid-19 que comenzó en 2019. Nunca en la historia de la educación brasileña ha habido tantos momentos impactantes. Se impusieron cierres de escuelas debido a la propagación del coronavirus. Maestros, personal, estudiantes y sus respectivas familias quedaron perplejos por la duración de la cuarentena. Cuando se trata de la educación secundaria pública en la región sureste, los lineamientos pedagógicos apoyados en la tecnología remota fueron decisivos para el rescate del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje en este contexto inusual. Por lo tanto, el sistema híbrido en la educación básica se adoptó a gran escala. Frente a ello, se propusieron esfuerzos para explicar el comportamiento de los jóvenes de la escuela secundaria pública durante la implementación de la actividad del grupo de estudio, bajo la lente de la teoría de campo de Lewin, utilizando el enfoque descriptivo cualitativo. Como las variables en el espacio vital cambiaron radicalmente debido a la circunstancia de la pandemia, las valencias negativas interfirieron con la respuesta conductual del grupo. Los sentimientos de sobrecarga junto con los de estudiar solos interfirieron con la voluntad del grupo de estudiar. Al mismo tiempo, a medida que las valencias se volvieron positivas con la implementación de una estrategia pedagógica activa, los encuestados señalaron que la actividad del grupo de estudio actuó como un refuerzo del aprendizaje, como un motivador a través del contacto con los colegas, y ayudó con las dudas.Significant changes are taking place in socioeconomic contexts around the world due to the covid-19 pandemic that started in 2019. Never in the history of Brazilian education there have been so many impactful moments. Schools closures were imposed due to the spread of the coronavirus. Teachers, staff, students and their respective families were perplexed by the duration of the quarantine. When it comes to public secondary education in the southeast region, pedagogical guidelines supported by remote technology were decisive for the rescue of teaching-learning process in this unusual context. Therefore, the hybrid system in basic education was adopted on a large scale. In face of it, efforts were proposed to explain the behavior of public high school youth during the implementation of study group activity, under the lens of Lewin's field theory, using the qualitative descriptive approach. As the variables in the vital space radically changed due to the pandemic circumstance, the negative valences did interfere with the group’s behavioral response. The feelings of overload along with that of studying alone interfered with the group's willingness to study. Concurrently, as the valences became positive with the implementation of an active pedagogical strategy, the respondents pointed out that the study group activity acted as a reinforcement of learning, as a motivator through contact with colleagues, and helped with doubts, improving comprehension of the contents. To this day, the pioneering work of Lewin demonstrates the influence of several factors interfering in the learning process in different settings

A Proposed Architecture for Implementing a Knowledge Management System in the Brazilian National Cancer Institute

Because their services are based decisively on the collection, analysis and exchange of clinical information or knowledge, within and across organizational boundaries, knowledge management has exceptional application and importance to health care organizations. This article proposes a conceptual framework for a knowledge management system, which is expected to support both hospitals and the oncology network in Brazil. Under this holistic single-case study, triangulation of multiple sources of data collection was used by means of archival records, documents and participant observation, as two of the authors were serving as INCA staff members, thus gaining access to the event and its documentation and being able to perceive reality from an insider point of view. The benefits derived from the present status of the ongoing implementation, so far, are: (i) speediness of cancer diagnosis and enhanced quality of both diagnosis and data used in epidemiological studies; (ii) reduction in treatment costs; (iii) relief of INCA’S labor shortage; (iii) improved management performance; (iv) better use of installed capacity; (v) easiness of massive (explicit) knowledge transference among the members of the network; and (vi) increase in organizational capacity of knowledge retention (institutionalization of procedures)

Políticas Económicas y Desarrollo Rural: en el territorio de la Provincia de Misiones. 16H281

I) Aportes al debate conceptual sobre economía rural: Con diferentes documentos aportamos al debate teórico sobre economía rural, políticas públicas, en especial las políticas alimentarias, recuperando y adecuando conceptos desarrollados por las ciencias sociales para realidades análogas a la investigada. Participamos de instancias de formación de posgrado vinculadas directamente al tema de investigación, como docentes de posgrado de la Maestría de Políticas Sociales, y de la Maestría en Desarrollo Rural, además de numerosas cátedras de grado. Los resultados de la investigación se transfirieron con ponencias presentadas y expuestas en diversos eventos académicos como las VII Jornadas Interdisciplinarias de Estudios Agrarios y Agroindustriales 2011 del Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios Agrarios (CIEA) de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas de la UBA y el VIII Congresso Latinoamericano de Sociologia Rural: América Latina, realineamientos políticos y proyectos en disputa llevado a cabo en Recife, Pernambuco – Brasil en 2010, las que se adjuntan como parte de la producción del proyecto. II) Análisis de las políticas de regulación del mercado: preparación de una “Propuesta de Formulación Participativa de un Plan Estratégico para Yerba Mate”, una discusión metodológica sobre como formular en forma colectiva un Plan Estratégico, con la participación activa de los actores y organizaciones que forman parte de la cadena económica de la yerba mate en Argentina. Participamos en las reuniones preparatorias con integrantes de INYM (Res 028/11), INTA, UNaM, del gobierno de las provincias de Misiones y Corrientes, y de representantes sectoriales. Trabajo conjunto con la Sec de Acción Cooperativa, Mutual, Comercio e Integración de la provincia de Misiones en el debate sobre los fundamentos normativos, que en materia alimentaria, acompañan la definición de políticas macroeconómicas, elaborando un informe específico. (Ver Anexo Informe Final 2011). Participación en el 2º Encuentro Regional “PISAC Programa Investigación Sociedad Argentina Contemporánea” organizado por el Mininsterio de Ciencia, Tecnología e innovación Productiva de la Nación, el Consejo de Decanos y la Facultad de Trabajo Social - UNER. Res CD 275/09. Paraná, 8 Oct 2009. Asistencia a las IV Jornadas de Estudios Sociales Agrarios Set 2009 “Conflictividad territorial y desarrollo agrario. Visiones de América Latina”. Doctorado en Estudios Sociales Agrarios / Programa de Estudios Socio-antropológicos Agrarios. Programa de Estudios Conflictividad agraria y Desarrollo rural. Centro de Estudios Avanzados (UNC). Espacio Rural. Secretaría de Extensión (UNC). Córdoba, 9 Set 2009; al Taller Mar-Abr 2009 Enfoque Sistemas Agroalimentarios Localizados (SIAL), coordinado por Dr José MUCHNIK. Organizado por INTA – EEA Cerro Azul – AER Oberá - Min del Agro y la Producción. Oberá. 31 Mar y 1 Abr 2009. III) Estudio de estrategias de desarrollo rural, soberanía alimentaria y agroecología: Avanzamos en el análisis de algunas estrategias específicas de desarrollo rural implementadas en la Provincia de Misiones. Elaboramos documentos de trabajo como insumos para poner en debate los resultados parciales de la presente investigación, como marcos de referencia sobre desarrollo rural, soberanía alimentaria y agroecología. En este sentido confrontamos ideas y teorías, e indagamos sobre la visión agroecológica, con el fin de comprender sus límites y contradicciones. Se identificaron estrategias de desarrollo a nivel local y provincial con un interés exploratorio que permitiera dar cuenta de la diversidad de situaciones y características. Se tomo contacto directo con algunos grupos en el ámbito territorial, para profundizar sobre modos de organización y gestión, principales actividades proyectos y demandas, y las redes de las que participan, entre los que podemos mencionar. Preparación para publicación de trabajos de manejo sustentables de cultivos en el marco del PRASY (Programa Regional de Asistencia al Sector Yerbatero) INYM, en colaboración con el equipo técnico de la ong INDES: Desarrollo de Experiencias (semilleros) en la multiplicación de semillas de cubiertas verdes para el cultivo de yerba mate” Expte. Nº 0250/07, aprobado por resolución Nº 016/08. Instituto Nacional de la Yerba Mate. Preparación de información para la preparación de folleto sobre “poroto sable” y “mucuna enana”. Participación en el equipo de Sistematización de Experiencias en Desarrollo Rural. Desde el Proyecto Regional MNES 12, el INTA realizó una convocatoria a otras instituciones que trabajan en la provincia en el área de desarrollo. Se consolidó así un espacio interinstitucional integrado por INTA-Misiones e IPAF-NEA, Subsecretaría de Desarrollo Rural y Agricultura Familiar (SSDRyAF), Instituto de Desarrollo Social y Promoción Humana (INDES) y Unión de Trabajadores Técnicos Rurales de Misiones (UTTERMI). Participamos en reuniones, encuentros de trabajo, de los que se sistematizaron algunos debates en torno a estrategias de comercialización alternativas, y se realizaron algunas entrevistas con algunos informantes claves acerca de sus problemas, demandas y perspectivas. Elaboración del Informe “Cambios en las estrategias de comercialización de los productores rurales del nordeste de Misiones” (beca CEDIT). A partir de viajes a la sede de la Unión de Trabajadores Rurales (UTR) localizada en la ciudad de Bernardo de Irigoyen y de realización de entrevistas semiestructuradas a miembros del equipo técnico y productores se sistematizó la experiencia de comercialización de lechones la que fue presentada en Marzo de 2009 en la Jornada de Iniciación en la Investigación organizada por el CEDIT. Ensayo sobre “Agroecología y pequeños productores en la Provincia de Misiones” debatiendo sobre la relación entre Agroecología y Campesinado y un segundo informe “Reflexiones sobre la caracterización conceptual del campesinado en Argentina y Misiones” que partiendo de los debates clásicos acerca del campesinado, avanza sobre la consideración del tema en Argentina y en Misiones. Vinculación y Transferencia: Se desarrollaron numerosas actividades en vinculación y transferencia con otros proyectos de investigación y extensión, que permitieron el enriquecimiento mutuo de los equipos. Entre ellas cabe mencionar la respuesta a demandas específicas de información, acompañamiento técnico y capacitación de diferentes organizaciones sociales e instituciones públicas de la región sobre la temática de la investigación: Participación en la implementación de los Proyectos “UNAM-12 - Desarrollo participativo de herramientas apropiadas de gestión, administración y planificación para organizaciones de agricultores de la Provincia de Misiones” (Convocatoria 2011) e “Incorporación de técnicas y herramientas participativas de gestión y mercadeo para el fortalecimiento de la comercialización colectiva de la Unión de Trabajadores Rurales del Nordeste Misionero.” (Convocatoria 2010 del Programa de Voluntariado Universitario - Secretaría de Políticas Universitarias - Ministerio de Educación, Ciencia y Tecnología), cuyas actividades tuvieron estrecha vinculación con el Seminario de Economía Social del Profesorado en Ciencias Económicas, en un esfuerzo novedoso de articulación de actividades de investigación, académicas y de extensión universitaria. Como resultado de dicho proceso y con los aportes de los alumnos del Seminario se elaboró un informe sobre “Potencialidad para la producción, faena y comercialización porcina en el nordeste de Misiones”. Coordinación del Proyecto de Voluntariado Universitario “UNAM-6 Acceso a la información y reconocimiento de derechos sobre la propiedad de la tierra, en NE Misiones. Fortalecimiento de organizaciones de agricultores familiares.” (Convocatoria 2011 Programa Nacional de Voluntariado Universitario, Secretaría de Políticas Universitarias, del Ministerio de Educación de la Nación. FHyCS, UNaM. Participación en el relevamiento de tipo censal de las principales dimensiones socio-económicas de la población de trabajadores rurales en Yerba Mate. Las actividades de investigación se articulan con el Primer Relevamiento Provincial de Tareferos de la Provincia de Misiones que se desarrolla en el marco del Convenio de Cooperación entre la Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales y el Gobierno de la Provincia de Misiones. Desarrollo de actividades vinculadas al Estudio cualitativo del Relevamiento de Tareferos a partir de entrevistas con las familias de los trabajadores. A nivel académico, contribuimos a la formulación del Proyecto y puesta en marcha de la Carrera de Maestría en Desarrollo Rural de la UNaM, que en uno de sus objetivos plantea “integrar en la formación el aporte de las distintas disciplinas que confluyen en la problemática del desarrollo rural, desde una perspectiva de investigación y desarrollo, con énfasis en las características de las estructuras agrarias del NEA”. También se aportó a la formulación de los contenidos propuestos para varios módulos. Coorganización del Seminario Internacional “Agroecológica para un Desarrollo Sustentable en la Región de la Triple Frontera”. Resolución C.D. 070/11. FHyCS, desarrollado en Posadas el 2 y 3 de Junio de 2011. Colaboramos en la organización de la Jornada Abierta “Hablemos de Economía Social… nuevas experiencias en formación” con alumnos del Seminario de Economía Social - Departamento del Profesorado en Ciencias Económicas - FHyCS. Posadas. 14 Set de 2011

Organizaciones Agrarias y Cooperativas: Transformaciones en trabajo, producción, y acceso a la tierra en Misiones. 16H351

Las actividades agropecuarias en Misiones, vienen sufriendo profundas transformaciones que impactan de manera diferencial sobre los trabajadores y sobre los productores agrarios, pero también en el proceso manufacturero y de comercialización. Con el objetivo de identificar y analizar éstas transformaciones recientes, intentaremos generar conocimiento sobre cambios productivos y en la organización del trabajo en encadenamientos agroindustriales del té y la yerba mate, relevar las estrategias económicas de las cooperativas agroindustriales, identificando sus particularidades respecto a la organización del trabajo, a las modalidades de incorporación de tecnologías y normas de calidad, y en relación con las políticas públicas. También investigaremos la incidencia de organizaciones de productores agrarios sobre los cambios en la implementación de políticas agropecuarias, en especial respecto a la producción, comercialización de alimentos y acceso a la tierra. Considerando las interacciones complejas en las transformaciones en curso, al mismo tiempo las limitaciones contextuales y las estrategias de los actores, exploraremos canales de circulación de insumos y de productos, mecanismos de fijación de precios, para analizar relaciones económicas y de poder, así como transferencias entre los distintos sectores. Desde una perspectiva metodológica cualitativa, tomaremos algunas experiencias de producción y comercialización, por parte de pequeños productores en forma asociativa, como referencia empírica para reflexionar sobre las posibilidades y dificultades de las organizaciones agrarias

Value of adenosine infusion for infarct size determination using real-time myocardial contrast echocardiography

BACKGROUND: Myocardial contrast echocardiography has been used for determination of infarct size (IS) in experimental models. However, with intermittent harmonic imaging, IS seems to be underestimated immediately after reperfusion due to areas with preserved, yet dysfunctional, microvasculature. The use of exogenous vasodilators showed to be useful to unmask these infarcted areas with depressed coronary flow reserve. This study was undertaken to assess the value of adenosine for IS determination in an open-chest canine model of coronary occlusion and reperfusion, using real-time myocardial contrast echocardiography (RTMCE). METHODS: Nine dogs underwent 180 minutes of coronary occlusion followed by reperfusion. PESDA (Perfluorocarbon-Exposed Sonicated Dextrose Albumin) was used as contrast agent. IS was determined by RTMCE before and during adenosine infusion at a rate of 140 mcg·Kg(-1)·min(-1). Post-mortem necrotic area was determined by triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. RESULTS: IS determined by RTMCE was 1.98 ± 1.30 cm(2 )and increased to 2.58 ± 1.53 cm(2 )during adenosine infusion (p = 0.004), with good correlation between measurements (r = 0.91; p < 0.01). The necrotic area determined by TTC was 2.29 ± 1.36 cm(2 )and showed no significant difference with IS determined by RTMCE before or during hyperemia. A slight better correlation between RTMCE and TTC measurements was observed during adenosine (r = 0.99; p < 0.001) then before it (r = 0.92; p = 0.0013). CONCLUSION: RTMCE can accurately determine IS in immediate period after acute myocardial infarction. Adenosine infusion results in a slight better detection of actual size of myocardial damage

First Results of the &#8220;Carbonaceous Aerosol in Rome and Environs (CARE)&#8221; Experiment: Beyond Current Standards for PM10

In February 2017 the “Carbonaceous Aerosol in Rome and Environs (CARE)” experiment was carried out in downtown Rome to address the following specific questions: what is the color, size, composition, and toxicity of the carbonaceous aerosol in the Mediterranean urban background area of Rome? The motivation of this experiment is the lack of understanding of what aerosol types are responsible for the severe risks to human health posed by particulate matter (PM) pollution, and how carbonaceous aerosols influence radiative balance. Physicochemical properties of the carbonaceous aerosol were characterised, and relevant toxicological variables assessed. The aerosol characterisation includes: (i) measurements with high time resolution (min to 1–2 h) at a fixed location of black carbon (eBC), elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), particle number size distribution (0.008–10 μ m), major non refractory PM1 components, elemental composition, wavelength-dependent optical properties, and atmospheric turbulence; (ii) 24-h measurements of PM10 and PM2.5 mass concentration, water soluble OC and brown carbon (BrC), and levoglucosan; (iii) mobile measurements of eBC and size distribution around the study area, with computational fluid dynamics modeling; (iv) characterisation of road dust emissions and their EC and OC content. The toxicological assessment includes: (i) preliminary evaluation of the potential impact of ultrafine particles on lung epithelia cells (cultured at the air liquid interface and directly exposed to particles); (ii) assessment of the oxidative stress induced by carbonaceous aerosols; (iii) assessment of particle size dependent number doses deposited in different regions of the human body; (iv) PAHs biomonitoring (from the participants into the mobile measurements). The first experimental results of the CARE experiment are presented in this paper. The objective here is to provide baseline levels of carbonaceous aerosols for Rome, and to address future research directions. First, we found that BC and EC mass concentration in Rome are larger than those measured in similar urban areas across Europe (the urban background mass concentration of eBC in Rome in winter being on average 2.6 ± 2.5 μ g · m − 3 , mean eBC at the peak level hour being 5.2 (95% CI = 5.0–5.5) μ g · m − 3 ). Then, we discussed significant variations of carbonaceous aerosol properties occurring with time scales of minutes, and questioned on the data averaging period used in current air quality standard for PM 10 (24-h). Third, we showed that the oxidative potential induced by aerosol depends on particle size and composition, the effects of toxicity being higher with lower mass concentrations and smaller particle size. Albeit this is a preliminary analysis, findings reinforce the need for an urgent update of existing air quality standards for PM 10 and PM 2.5 with regard to particle composition and size distribution, and data averaging period. Our results reinforce existing concerns about the toxicity of carbonaceous aerosols, support the existing evidence indicating that particle size distribution and composition may play a role in the generation of this toxicity, and remark the need to consider a shorter averaging period (&lt;1 h) in these new standards

Narcissism and the strategic pursuit of short-term mating : universal links across 11 world regions of the International Sexuality Description Project-2.

Previous studies have documented links between sub-clinical narcissism and the active pursuit of short-term mating strategies (e.g., unrestricted sociosexuality, marital infidelity, mate poaching). Nearly all of these investigations have relied solely on samples from Western cultures. In the current study, responses from a cross-cultural survey of 30,470 people across 53 nations spanning 11 world regions (North America, Central/South America, Northern Europe, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Middle East, Africa, Oceania, Southeast Asia, and East Asia) were used to evaluate whether narcissism (as measured by the Narcissistic Personality Inventory; NPI) was universally associated with short-term mating. Results revealed narcissism scores (including two broad factors and seven traditional facets as measured by the NPI) were functionally equivalent across cultures, reliably associating with key sexual outcomes (e.g., more active pursuit of short-term mating, intimate partner violence, and sexual aggression) and sex-related personality traits (e.g., higher extraversion and openness to experience). Whereas some features of personality (e.g., subjective well-being) were universally associated with socially adaptive facets of Narcissism (e.g., self-sufficiency), most indicators of short-term mating (e.g., unrestricted sociosexuality and marital infidelity) were universally associated with the socially maladaptive facets of narcissism (e.g., exploitativeness). Discussion addresses limitations of these cross-culturally universal findings and presents suggestions for future research into revealing the precise psychological features of narcissism that facilitate the strategic pursuit of short-term mating

Adolescent transport and unintentional injuries: a systematic analysis using the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: Globally, transport and unintentional injuries persist as leading preventable causes of mortality and morbidity for adolescents. We sought to report comprehensive trends in injury-related mortality and morbidity for adolescents aged 10–24 years during the past three decades. Methods: Using the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2019 Study, we analysed mortality and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) attributed to transport and unintentional injuries for adolescents in 204 countries. Burden is reported in absolute numbers and age-standardised rates per 100 000 population by sex, age group (10–14, 15–19, and 20–24 years), and sociodemographic index (SDI) with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). We report percentage changes in deaths and DALYs between 1990 and 2019. Findings: In 2019, 369 061 deaths (of which 214 337 [58%] were transport related) and 31·1 million DALYs (of which 16·2 million [52%] were transport related) among adolescents aged 10–24 years were caused by transport and unintentional injuries combined. If compared with other causes, transport and unintentional injuries combined accounted for 25% of deaths and 14% of DALYs in 2019, and showed little improvement from 1990 when such injuries accounted for 26% of adolescent deaths and 17% of adolescent DALYs. Throughout adolescence, transport and unintentional injury fatality rates increased by age group. The unintentional injury burden was higher among males than females for all injury types, except for injuries related to fire, heat, and hot substances, or to adverse effects of medical treatment. From 1990 to 2019, global mortality rates declined by 34·4% (from 17·5 to 11·5 per 100 000) for transport injuries, and by 47·7% (from 15·9 to 8·3 per 100 000) for unintentional injuries. However, in low-SDI nations the absolute number of deaths increased (by 80·5% to 42 774 for transport injuries and by 39·4% to 31 961 for unintentional injuries). In the high-SDI quintile in 2010–19, the rate per 100 000 of transport injury DALYs was reduced by 16·7%, from 838 in 2010 to 699 in 2019. This was a substantially slower pace of reduction compared with the 48·5% reduction between 1990 and 2010, from 1626 per 100 000 in 1990 to 838 per 100 000 in 2010. Between 2010 and 2019, the rate of unintentional injury DALYs per 100 000 also remained largely unchanged in high-SDI countries (555 in 2010 vs 554 in 2019; 0·2% reduction). The number and rate of adolescent deaths and DALYs owing to environmental heat and cold exposure increased for the high-SDI quintile during 2010–19. Interpretation: As other causes of mortality are addressed, inadequate progress in reducing transport and unintentional injury mortality as a proportion of adolescent deaths becomes apparent. The relative shift in the burden of injury from high-SDI countries to low and low–middle-SDI countries necessitates focused action, including global donor, government, and industry investment in injury prevention. The persisting burden of DALYs related to transport and unintentional injuries indicates a need to prioritise innovative measures for the primary prevention of adolescent injury. Funding: Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and developm nt investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens